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31.Which is the most suitable title for the text?A.Photosynthesis in DiatomsB.Plankton's Role in OceansC.New Carbon Strategies in DiatomsD.Advances in Modeling DataDAccording to a report in 2023,the World Health Organization (WHO)recommended thatnon-sugar sweeteners not be used as a means of achieving weight control or reducing the riskof diseases.The guideline came as a surprise.After all,the very purpose of non-sugarsweeteners-which contain little to no calories-is to help consumers control their weight andreduce their risk of disease by replacing sugar.In its report,the WHO cited evidence that long-term use of non-sugar sweeteners isassociated with an increased risk of diabetes (and death.How is it that non-sugarsweeteners are linked to the negative health effects they're supposed to fend off?The WHO made its recommendation after reviewing hundreds of published studies.Theproblem is that the overwhelming majority of these studies are observational.In such studies,subjects tend to self-report their food intake,which might not guarantee inaccuracy.Moreimportantly,observational studies cannot determine cause and effect.Are non-sugarsweeteners causing diabetes,or are people at risk of diabetes simply more likely to consumethem?Lastly,there are numerous variables that researchers can't possibly control for in thesestudies that could influence the results.Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)tell a different story about non-sugar sweeteners.These studies control for variables by randomly assigning people to either a treatment orcontrol group,and they can determine cause and effect.They show that sweeteners modestlybenefit weight loss and help control blood sugar,without the negative effects seen inobservational research.The downside of RCTs is that they are shorter in duration,oftenlasting just a few months.So negative effects could appear after longer use and we wouldn'tbe able to tell from these RCTs.But we also can't tell from observational studies,which only measure correlation and notcausality(因果关系).Changing the current situation might be hard,though.RCTs areexpensive and require recruiting participants,setting up diet plans,and regularly measuringsubjects'health outcomes.For change to happen,it might need to start at the top,where science is funded.Government agencies,which appropriate billions for research,should start prioritizing RCTs.32.What do the underlined phrase "fend off"probably mean in paragraph 2?A.Put out.B.Defend against.C.Keep up.D.Count on.33.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?A.The WHO's suggestions on observational studies.B.The strategies to decide cause and effect in conducting studies.C.The significance of controlling variables in observational studies.D.The limitations of the observational studies in the WHO report.【高三英语第6页（共10页）】6/10CX
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